Some of the questions may be altered for the exam.

1. What is the Demographic Transition? 

a. a model that explains the increasing death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western    nations as those nations experienced industrialization 

b. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in developing nations as those nations experienced poverty 

c. a model that explain  the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western nations as those nations experienced industrialization

d. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurs in nations as those nations approach their carrying capacity 

e. none of the above

2. A decrease in the infant mortality rate

a. has had no impact on population growth rates

b. has increased population growth rates as it is safer to have children

c. has helped decrease total fertility rates in many countries

d. has not occurred

e. none of the above

3. Traditional Agriculture differs from industrialized agriculture in all of the following ways EXCEPT…

a. traditional agriculture uses human and animal power instead of fossil fuels.

b. industrial agriculture is more likely to use synthetic fertilizer and pesticides.

c. traditional agriculture is more likely to use a greater number of plant varieties than industrial agriculture.

d. traditional agriculture usually has higher yields than industrial agriculture.

e. c and d.

4. The five components of soil are …

a. mineral particles, salts, water, organic matter, air

b. parent material, water, acids, leaf litter, soil organisms

c. mineral particles, water, air, dead organic matter, soil organisms

d. sand, silt, clay, water, air

e. parent material, rocks, air, water, organic matter

5. Regarding wetlands…

a. about 90% of California’s wetlands are intact and healthy.

b. salt water lakes, like Mono lake, have little or no ecological value.

c. about 50 % of the wetlands in the U.S. have been drained or filled.

d. all of the above are true.

e. a and c.

6. Globally, the 3 major causes of soil degradation include all of the following EXCEPT…

a. road building and construction

b. deforestation.

c. cropland agriculture.

d. overgrazing.

e. a and b.

7. Regarding the use of synthetic chemical pesticides, all of the following are true EXCEPT …

a. the % of crops lost to pests has decreased as a result of their use.

b. the often result in the emergence of new pest species; a secondary pest outbreak.

c. many types of pests quickly develop resistance to commonly used pesticides.

d. many pesticides pose health risk to human.

e. many pesticides can effect wildlife and other non-target species

8. Aquaculture 

a. includes fish farms and can increase food security by increasing food production

b. can increase incidence of disease among fish

c. provides less than 1% of the world’s fish for food consumption

d. a and b

e. a and c

9. Globally, the world’s human population…

a. is still growing, although the % growth rate has slowed.

b. is declining, due to war, poverty, and disease.

c. is stable, neither growing nor shrinking.

d. has reached a TFR of 2.1.

e. none of the above is true.

10. Of the following, which IS NOT a characteristic of a eutrophic aquatic system?

a. high dissolved oxygen concentration.

b. high dissolved nutrient concentrations.

c. turbid water.

d. low diversity of organisms.

e. high net primary production.

11. The best solution to freshwater depletion is ______.

a. dam removal.

b. maintaining dam integrity so that dams will not come down as a result of freak storms.

c. increasing use of desalinization measures.

d. implementing conservation or efficiency measures.

e. none of the above as freshwater depletion is not currently a problem.

12.  Coral reefs …

a. require warm, shallow water.

b. require clear water.

c. are being damaged by sediment and nutrient pollution.

d. are being damaged by over fishing and collecting.

e. all of the above are true

13.  Biological control can have unintended consequences when _______.

a. the biological control agent is altered by breeding with crop plants.

b. genetically engineered organisms are introduced.

c.  agricultural crops invade local vegetation.

d. the biological control agent becomes invasive and affects local ecosystems.

e. There are no unintended consequences.

14. Salinization of soil is caused by

a. leaching

b. weathering

c. erosion

d. over-irrigation

e. overgrazing

15. In the United States, genetically modified strains of crops or animals…

a. will never be sold due to consumer protests.

b. are labeled before they are sold.

c. account for half or more of all soybean, cotton, and corn crops.

d. are illegal.

e. none of the above.

True/False

16. The Colorado River has sufficient water to meet the needs of the states to which it has been allocated.

17. Marine upwellings bring nutrient rich water to the surface, resulting in productive ecosystems.

18. Synthetic (inorganic) fertilizer provides all of the same benefits to the soil as using green manures, animal manures, and compost.

19. Grain production per capita is still increasing, although not as fast as it was in the 1960s and 70s.

20. As the amount of pesticides used has increased, the percentage of crops lost to pests has decreased.

Short Answer

1. What does the IPAT equation stand for? Explain the terms.

2. What is the approximate current population of the US?

     What is the approximate current population of the world?

      What is the medium projection for the year 2050?

3a. Define DESERTIFICATION.

  b. List the top 3 human activities that cause desertification?

4. List 3 negative consequences of depleting or overpumping groundwater.

5a. Modern sewage treatment is specifically designed to accomplish 3 things. List them.

b. What two types of pollutants are not removed from water during sewage treatment?

6. List 3 benefits and 3 negative impacts of large dams.