1. The water in the ocean develops layers or strata based on what two characteristics? 

2. How are upwellings important in ocean ecology?

3. Most photosynthesis occurs between the surface and what depth?

4. Know kelp forests, coral reefs, and mangrove swamps as important community types- provide physical structure and food (via photosynthesis) for complex and diverse food webs.  

Kelp forest- mainly temperate zone, rocky coastlines

Coral Reefs and Mangroves- tropical to subtropical, sandy coastlines

5.  What are the major threats to mangrove forests?

6. What are the major threats to coral reefs?

7. In what way is plastic debris a threat to sea life?

8. What are the sources of oil pollution?  How does it affect sea life?

9. In what ways does nutrient pollution impact ocean life?

10. What are “red tides”?

11. What evidence is there that the oceans are being over-harvested?

12. What factors (besides greed) have led to the modern overexploitation of fish and other marine species?

13. What is by-catch and why is it a problem?

14. Understand how drift nets and bottom-trawling contribute to the destruction of marine life.

16. What are the benefits of Marine Preserves for marine life?

For fishermen?

17. Describe the following socio/political solutions to overfishing.

    Boat buyouts

    Individual transferable quotas (ITQs)

    Consumer awareness programs

    Ending government subsidies