Some of the questions may be altered for the exam.

1. What is the Demographic Transition? 

a. a model that explains the increasing death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western    nations as those nations experienced industrialization 

b. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in developing nations as those nations experienced poverty 

c. a model that explain  the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western nations as those nations experienced industrialization

d. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurs in nations as those nations approach their carrying capacity 

e. none of the above

2. A decrease in the infant mortality rate

a. has had no impact on population growth rates

b. has increased population growth rates as it is safer to have children

c. has helped decrease total fertility rates in many countries

d. has not occurred

e. none of the above

3. Traditional Agriculture differs from industrialized agriculture in all of the following ways EXCEPT…

a. traditional agriculture uses human and animal power instead of fossil fuels.

b. industrial agriculture is more likely to use synthetic fertilizer and pesticides.

c. traditional agriculture is more likely to use a greater number of plant varieties than industrial agriculture.

d. traditional agriculture usually has higher yields than industrial agriculture.

e. c and d.

4. The five components of soil are …

a. mineral particles, salts, water, organic matter, air

b. parent material, water, acids, leaf litter, soil organisms

c. mineral particles, water, air, dead organic matter, soil organisms

d. sand, silt, clay, water, air

e. parent material, rocks, air, water, organic matter

5. The addition of humus to soil will result in …

a. an increase in the soil’s ability to hold water.

b. a decrease in the soil’s ability to hold water.

c. an increase in the soil’s ability to hold nutrients.

d. a decrease in the soil’s ability to hold nutrients.

e. a and c.

6. Globally, the 3 major causes of soil degradation include all of the following EXCEPT…

a. road building and construction

b. deforestation.

c. cropland agriculture.

d. overgrazing.

e. a and b.

7. Regarding the use of synthetic chemical pesticides, all of the following are true EXCEPT …

a. the % of crops lost to pests has decreased as a result of their use.

b. the often result in the emergence of new pest species; a secondary pest outbreak.

c. many types of pests quickly develop resistance to commonly used pesticides.

d. many pesticides pose health risk to human.

e. many pesticides can effect wildlife and other non-target species

8. Aquaculture 

a. includes fish farms and can increase food security by increasing food production

b. can increase incidence of disease among fish

c. provides less than 1% of the world’s fish for food consumption

d. a and b

e. a and c

9. Red tides occur _______.

a. when tanker and pipeline oil spills into the ocean.

b. when ocean water is forced through membranes to filter salt.

c. when excessive nutrient concentrations give rise to a population explosion of

    zooplankton.

d. when excessive nutrient concentrations give rise to population explosions of harmful

    algal blooms.

e. when fast moving waters cut through arid or eroded landscape, accumulating great

    quantities of sediment, and becoming turbid and muddy-looking as a result.

10. Of the following, which IS NOT a characteristic of a eutrophic aquatic system?

a. high dissolved oxygen concentration.

b. high dissolved nutrient concentrations.

c. turbid water.

d. low diversity of organisms.

e. high net primary production.

11. The best solution to freshwater depletion is ______.

a. dam removal.

b. maintaining dam integrity so that dams will not come down as a result of freak storms.

c. increasing use of desalinization measures.

d. implementing conservation or efficiency measures.

e. none of the above as freshwater depletion is not currently a problem.

12.  Coral reefs …

a. require warm, shallow water.

b. require clear water.

c. are being damaged by sediment and nutrient pollution.

d. are being damaged by over fishing and collecting.

e. all of the above are true

13.  Biological control can have unintended consequences when _______.

a. the biological control agent is altered by breeding with crop plants.

b. genetically engineered organisms are introduced.

c. agricultural crops invade local vegetation.

d. the biological control agent becomes invasive and affects local ecosystems.

e. There are no unintended consequences.

14. Salinization of soil is caused by

a. leaching

b. weathering

c. erosion

d. over-irrigation

e. overgrazing

3 . The IUCN Red List is a list of …

a. globally endangered species in which trade is prohibited.

b. countries that will be devastated by rising sea levels.

c. rogue countries that illegally trade in nuclear fuels.

d. countries that illegally trade in endangered species.

e. none of the above.

22. Regarding biodiversity,

a. the Living Planet Index Shows many wildlife populations are decreasing in both number and range.

b. saving 1.4% of the land in the biodiversity hotspots could save about 50% of terrestrial species.

c. flagship species have not been useful in conservation efforts.

d. the rate of species extinctions is slowing down.

e. a and b.

23. Biodiversity … 

a. is defined as the sum total of all organisms in an area.

b. takes into account the diversity of populations.

c. takes into account the diversity of genes.

d. takes into account the diversity of communities.

e. all of the above.

24. The sixth mass extinction event ______.

a. has not occurred.

b. is ongoing and is being caused by human activities.

c. happened millions of years ago by a meteorite.

d. happened billions of years ago as a result of the Sun.

e. none of the above.

25. The Endangered Species Act ...

a. thus far has been unsuccessful in saving endangered species.

b. allows government to develop land that may destroy endangered species and their

    habitat but forbids private citizens from doing so.

c. forbids trade in products made from endangered species.

d. a and b

e. b and c

26. E.O.Wilson says that humans have an innate desire to connect with nature and calls it

a. biophilia

b. ecophilia

c. natural symbiosis

d. nature vs. nuture

e. none of the above

27. Biodiversity enhances food security because it provides

a. genetic diversity—plants and animals that may someday supplement food supply

b. potential for developing disease-resistant crops

c. potential for developing crops adaptive to draught

d. potential for discovery of more productive food crops

e. all of the above

28. With respect to preserving wildlife, some of our National Parks are considered to be “islands” because

a. they are disconnected from similar types of habitat.

b. they are too small to support the full complement of species.

c. there is no means of migration or gene flow into or out of the park for many species.

d. all of the above.

e. none of the above.

True/False

1. The Colorado River has sufficient water to meet the needs of the states to which it has been allocated.

2. The common factor in all cases of desertification is removal of the native vegetation.

3. Synthetic (inorganic) fertilizer provides all of the same benefits to the soil as using green manures, animal manures, and compost.

4. Food production per capita is still increasing, although not as fast as it was in the 1960s and 70s.

5. As the amount of pesticides used has increased, the percentage of crops lost to pests has decreased.

Short Answer

1. What does the IPAT equation stand for? Explain the terms.

2. What is the approximate current population of the US?

     What is the approximate current population of the world?

      What is the medium projection for the year 2050?

3a. Define DESERTIFICATION.

  b. List the top 3 human activities that cause desertification?

4. List 3 negative consequences of depleting or overpumping groundwater.

5. List three areas or watersheds, outside their own, from which southern California cities and farms get their water.   List 3 major canals or aqueducts that supply that water.