Caution: These may show up in altered form on the test.

1. Traditional Agriculture differs from industrialized agriculture in all of the following ways EXCEPT…

a. traditional agriculture uses human and animal power instead of fossil fuels.

b. industrial agriculture is more likely to use synthetic fertilizer and pesticides.

c. traditional agriculture is more likely to use a greater number of plant varieties than industrial agriculture.

d. traditional agriculture usually has higher yields than industrial agriculture.

e. c and d.

2. . Humus is …

a. a crop plant variety.                                          b. partially decomposed organic matter.

c. a term for the mineral particles in the soil.       d. a type of decomposer.

e. not a component of most soils.

3. The five components of soil are …

a. mineral particles, salts, water, organic matter, air

b. parent material, water, acids, leaf litter, soil organisms

c. mineral particles, water, air, dead organic matter, soil organisms

d. sand, silt, clay, water, air

e. parent material, rocks, air, water, organic matter

4. Biological control can have unintended consequences when _______.

a. the biological control agent is altered by breeding with crop plants.

b. genetically engineered organisms are introduced.

c.  agricultural crops invade local vegetation.

d. the biological control agent becomes invasive and affects local ecosystems.

e. There are no unintended consequences.

5. Regarding wetlands…

a. about 90% of California’s wetlands are intact and healthy.

b. about 50% of the wetlands in United States are intact and healthy.

c. salt water lakes, like Mono Lake, have little wildlife value.

d. all of the above.

d. a and b.

6. In the United States, genetically modified strains of crops or animals

a. will never be sold

b. are labeled before they are sold

c. account for half of soybean, cotton, and wheat crops

d. cannot be planted

e. none of the above

7. The portion of the soil that is most important for plant growth is ...

a. topsoil.     b. subsoil.     c. parent material.      d. sand      e. none of the above.

8. Globally, the 3 major causes of soil degradation include all of the following EXCEPT…

a. road building and construction

b. deforestation.

c. cropland agriculture.

d. overgrazing.

e. a and b.

9. Irrigation of cropland …

a. can result in waterlogging and salinization of the soil.

b. can result in problems with the disposal of salty drainage or runoff water.

c. is practiced on about 17% of cropland and produces about 40% of the food grown.

d. has resulted in loss of water for wildlife and natural ecosystems.

e. all of the above.

10. The world’s largest aquifer is called the ____________ and it is located in __________________.

a. Columbia, western Canada

b. Amazonian, Brazil

c. Ogallala, central U.S.

d. Colorado, southwestern U.S.

e. Aral, Kazakhstan.

11. Monocultures …

a. often need large inputs of pesticides and fertilizer.

b. are more vulnerable to pest outbreaks than mixed crop fields.

c. have empty niches that make them attractive to weeds and pests.

d. are typical of industrial agriculture.

e. all of the above.

12. Regarding the use of synthetic chemical pesticides, all of the following are true EXCEPT …

a. the % of crops lost to pests has decreased as a result of their use.

b. the often result in the emergence of new pest species; a secondary pest outbreak.

c. many types of pests quickly develop resistance to commonly used pesticides.

d. many pesticides pose health risk to human.

e. many pesticides can effect wildlife and other non-target species.

13. Estuaries exist where _______.

a. salt marshes have been removed.

b. rivers and oceans meet.   

c. protection for mangroves exists.

d. warm salt water and cold salt water mix.            

e. all of the above.

14. Regarding the consumption of meat and dairy products …

a. worldwide, per capita consumption of meat and dairy has fallen in the last 50 years.

b. eating animal products is the most energy efficient way to use grains.

c. about 50% of US grain is fed to livestock.

d. chicken and egg production uses more water than beef production.

e. none of the above are true.

15. Globally, the world population

a. is still growing, although the % rate of growth has slowed.

b. is declining, due to war, poverty, and disease.

c. is stable, neither growing or shrinking.

d. has reached a TFR of 1.8.

e. none of the above is true.

16. Marine reserves are ______. .

a. commercial fishing zones that are used to protect rights of fishermen

b. unsuccessful, according to a "consensus statement" signed by 161 prominent marine

    scientists.

c. initially opposed by many fishermen because they decrease commercially available

    fishing areas.

d. successful in reviving fish diversity and biomass.

e. c and d.

17. How is biological control used for battling pests?

a. It uses genetically modified organisms for pest control.

b. It uses sonar to eradicate insect pests.

c. It that uses the organisms that eat or infect crop pests rather than chemicals to control

     pest densities.

d. It that uses chemically inert pesticides for battling pests.

e. It involves cultural practices such as hand picking bugs and hand weeding..

18. Salinization of soil is caused by

a. leaching

b. weathering

c. erosion

d. over-irrigation

e. overgrazing

19. The best solution to freshwater depletion is ______.

a. dam removal.

b. maintaining dam integrity so that dams will not come down as a result of freak storms.

c. increasing use of desalinization measures.

d. implementing conservation or efficiency measures.

e. b and c.

20. What is the Demographic Transition? 

a. a model that explains the increasing death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western    nations as those nations experienced industrialization 

b. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in developing nations as those nations experienced poverty 

c. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in Western nations as those nations experienced industrialization

d. a model that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occur in nations as those nations approach their carrying capacity 

e. none of the above

21. An aquifer recharge zone is an area _______.

 a. where water refills a wetland.

 b. where water infiltrates the Earth's surface and reaches the water table.

 c. where water runs off and enters the surface water.

 d. where water is released from treatment plants to manmade reservoirs.

 e. all of the above.

22. Which of the following IS NOT a highly productive aquatic community?

a. mangrove forest     b. kelp forest     c. coral reef     d. salt marsh     e. oligotrophic lake

II. True/False:

1. Synthetic (inorganic) fertilizer provides all of the same benefits to the soil as using green manures, animal manures, and compost.

2. Food production per capita is still increasing, although not as fast as it was in the 1960s and 70s.

3. Developing nations will produce 98% of the population growth by 2050.

4. Once groundwater is polluted, it cannot be cleaned up.

5. The age-structure diagram that represents a rapidly growing population is a broad-based pyramid.

6. As the amount of pesticides used has increased, the percentage of crops lost to pests has decreased.

7. Upwellings bring nutrient rich water to the surface and result in productive marine communities.

9. Organic wastes in water can decrease the dissolved oxygen of the system.

III. Short Answer

1a. Define DESERTIFICATION.

        b. List the top 3 human activities that cause desertification.

2. List 4 practices that farmers can adopt to reduce soil erosion.

3a. Describe how hormones are used as pest control.

  b. Describe how pheromones are used in pest control.

  c. List 2 major advantages that using hormones or pheromones for pest control has over use of synthetic chemical pesticides.

4. List 3 of the costs (environmental impacts) and 3 of the benefits of large dams.

5. List 3 negative consequences of depleting or overpumping groundwater.

 6. From the list in class, briefly describe 5 causes of overexploitation of the oceans fish and shellfish.

7a. Modern sewage treatment is specifically designed to accomplish 3 things. List them.

    b. What two types of pollutants are not removed from water during sewage treatment?

8a. In what kind of habitat are mangrove forests found?

       b.  List 2 of the serious threats to mangrove forests.

9. What is the approximate current population of the US?

     What is the approximate current population of the world?

      What is the medium projection for the year 2050?

10. The Central Valley Project and the State Water Project together take water from which river and deliver to what region(s)?

What is the “Delta” and where is it located?

11. List the two major environmental complaints against CAFOs, or Confined Animal Feeding Operations, and one additional objection.

12. From the list in class, list 5 factors that influence family size in developing countires.